The Challenge: Google Scholar has some of the strictest anti-bot systems on the web. A single datacenter IP can be banned after just 5-10 rapid searches.
The Manual Way: Building a scraper requires rotating High-Quality Residential Proxies and meticulous HTML parsing with BeautifulSoup.
The Enterprise Way: Use the Thordata Python SDK. It provides a dedicated engine="google_scholar" parameter that handles CAPTCHAs, parsing, and proxy rotation automatically.

Google Scholar is the gold mine of academic research. Whether you are conducting a systematic literature review, analyzing citation trends, or feeding an LLM with scientific papers, the data here is invaluable.

But scraping it is a nightmare. Unlike scraping a standard e-commerce site, Google Scholar defends its data aggressively. If you try to loop through search results with a standard script, you will hit a CAPTCHA wall within seconds.

In this guide, I will show you two methods: the “Manual Way” using Python and proxies for those who want to build it from scratch, and the “Enterprise Way” using the Thordata SDK for instant, scalable results.

1. Understanding the Target

Before coding, let’s look at the URL structure. A standard search looks like this:

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=machine+learning&hl=en&start=10

q: Your search query.
hl: Host language (keep this en for consistent parsing).
start: The pagination offset (0, 10, 20…).

2. Setting Up the Python Environment

We need a few robust libraries. requests for HTTP, beautifulsoup4 for HTML parsing, and the thordata-sdk for the enterprise method.

Copy

pip install requests beautifulsoup4 lxml pandas thordata-sdk

3. The “Naive” Approach (And Why It Fails)

If you run the following code, it might work once. On the second try, you will get a 429 Error or a 200 OK response containing a CAPTCHA instead of results.

Copy

import requests

# This will likely get blocked immediately
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 ...'}
r = requests.get('https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=AI', headers=headers)
print(r.status_code) # Likely 429 or CAPTCHA html

4. The Manual Method: Custom Scraper with Proxies

To succeed manually, you need to route every request through a different IP address. This mimics distinct users searching from different locations. We will use Thordata’s Residential Gateway for this.

Copy

import requests
import random

def get_scholar_page(query, start=0):
    url = f"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q={query}&hl=en&start={start}"
    
    # Thordata Proxy Setup (Residential)
    proxy = "http://USERNAME:PASSWORD@gate.thordata.com:12345"
    proxies = {
        "http": proxy,
        "https": proxy
    }
    
    # Rotate User-Agents
    user_agents = [
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36...",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7)..."
    ]
    headers = {"User-Agent": random.choice(user_agents)}

    try:
        response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, proxies=proxies, timeout=10)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.text
        else:
            print(f"Blocked: {response.status_code}")
            return None
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Request failed: {e}")
        return None

Parsing the HTML with BeautifulSoup

Google Scholar’s HTML is messy. We need specific CSS selectors to extract titles and citation counts accurately.

Copy

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

def parse_scholar_results(html):
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
    results = []
    
    for item in soup.select('.gs_r.gs_or.gs_scl'):
        try:
            title_tag = item.select_one('.gs_rt a')
            title = title_tag.text if title_tag else "No Title"
            link = title_tag['href'] if title_tag else "None"
            
            # Extract "Cited by" count
            citation_info = item.select_one('.gs_fl').text
            citations = 0
            if "Cited by" in citation_info:
                # Robust parsing for "Cited by 400"
                temp = citation_info.split("Cited by")[1].split()[0]
                citations = int(temp)

            results.append({
                'title': title,
                'link': link,
                'citations': citations
            })
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Parsing error: {e}")
            continue
            
    return results

5. The Enterprise Way: Thordata Python SDK

Building your own scraper is educational, but maintaining it is expensive. Google changes its HTML structure frequently, and CAPTCHAs evolve. The Thordata Python SDK offers a dedicated google_scholar engine that abstracts away all complexity.

Instead of managing proxies and HTML parsing, you get structured JSON data instantly.

Copy

from thordata import ThordataClient

# Initialize with your Scraper Token
client = ThordataClient(scraper_token="YOUR_TOKEN_HERE")

print("🚀 Fetching Google Scholar results...")

# The SDK handles CAPTCHAs and Parsing automatically
results = client.serp_search(
    query="Generative Adversarial Networks",
    engine="google_scholar",
    num=10,
    country="us"
)

for paper in results.get("organic_results", []):
    print(f"Title: {paper.get('title')}\nLink: {paper.get('link')}\n")

Why use the SDK?

The SDK method is 100% maintenance-free. Thordata’s engineers update the parsing logic whenever Google changes their layout. Plus, you only pay for successful requests, saving money on failed proxy attempts.

Conclusion

Scraping Google Scholar requires more than just code; it requires infrastructure. If you are a student or hobbyist, the manual method with residential proxies is a great way to learn.

However, for enterprise data needs, relying on the Thordata SDK ensures your data pipeline remains stable, scalable, and compliant.

Get started for free

Frequently asked questions

Is it legal to scrape Google Scholar?

Scraping publicly available data is generally legal in many jurisdictions (e.g., HiQ v. LinkedIn), provided you do not harm the site’s infrastructure. However, you must always review your local laws and the site’s Terms of Service.

Why do I get blocked after only 5 requests?

Google Scholar has extremely strict rate limiting based on IP address and TLS fingerprints. To avoid blocks, you must rotate high-quality residential proxies and mimic legitimate browser behavior using the Thordata SDK.

How does the Thordata SDK handle CAPTCHAs?

The Thordata SDK routes requests through our specialized SERP infrastructure. When a CAPTCHA is detected, our system automatically solves it before returning the clean JSON data to your application.

About the author

Kael Odin

Senior Technical Copywriter

Kael is a Senior Technical Copywriter at Thordata. He works closely with data engineers to document best practices for bypassing anti-bot protections. He specializes in explaining complex infrastructure concepts like residential proxies and TLS fingerprinting to developer audiences. All code examples in this article have been tested in real-world scraping scenarios.

The thordata Blog offers all its content in its original form and solely for informational intent. We do not offer any guarantees regarding the information found on the thordata Blog or any external sites that it may direct you to. It is essential that you seek legal counsel and thoroughly examine the specific terms of service of any website before engaging in any scraping endeavors, or obtain a scraping permit if required.